Domains

This table summarises XAI methods applied to different domains and applications. It categorises the tasks, machine learning models, datasets, XAI techniques, and evaluation methods used.

Domain	Reference	Year	Task	ML Model	XAI Method	XAI Category	XAI Taxonomy			XAI Evaluation	Problem Type	ML Stage	Dataset	Data Type
							Intrinsic/Post-hoc	Specific/Agnostic	Local/Global					Input	Output
Finance	Nakagawa et al. (2019)	2019	REG	LSTM	LRP	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Nil	RS, DS, BS	Training	TOPIX500 (Japanese Stock Market)	Num	Num
	Sachan et al. (2020)	2019	CLS	Gradient Boosting Trees	Belief Rule Base	RB	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local/Global	Accuracy, Stability	RM, FD	Training	Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) Dataset	Num	Num
	Bowden et al. (2024)	2020	CLF	Gradient Boosting	Shapley Values, PDP	FA, VB	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	AUC	PM, RM	Training, Monitoring	1000 German Banking Customer	Num	Num
	Bussmann et al. (2021)	2021	CLS	XGBoost	TreeSHAP	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	ROC	PM	Evaluation	Credit scoring for SME Companies in Southern Europe	Num	Bin
	Gramegna and Giudici (2020)	2020	CLS	XGBoost	TreeSHAP	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	AUC	RM, DS, BS	Training, Evaluation	Non-life insurance Neosurance Italy-Based Insurance Company	Num	Cat
	Gite et al. (2021)	2021	CLS	LSTM-CNN	LIME	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Accuracy	DS, BS	Training	Indian Financial News Headlines Dataset Pulse, Yahoo Finance dataset	Txt	Num
	Nguyen and Truong (2024)	2024	CLS	Random Forest	LIME	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Gini, AUC	RM, DS, CR	Training	German Credit scoring, Taiwan Default Payment	Tab	Bin
	Sathe and Mahalle (2023)	2023	CLS	Random Forest	LIME, SHAPASH	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Nil	PM	Training	Kaggle	Tab	Bin
	Yu et al. (2023)	2023	NLP	GPT-4, Open LLaMA	Chain-of-Thoughts, Instruction-based Fine-Tuning	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local/Global	Precision	RM, BS	Training	5Y NASDAQ-100 Stock Price weekly and Monthly, Company Metadata, historical economic Financial News	Num, Tex	Num
Healthcare	Chereda et al. (2024)	2024	MCLS	GCNN, MLP, Random Forest	SHAP, LRP	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local/Global	Stability, F1-Score, Accuracy	SD, HDT, DS	Evaluation	TCGA Breast Cancer Gene Expression Dataset, HPRD PPI Network	Num	Cat
	Chittajallu et al. (2019)	2019	CLS	Resnet50	Saliency-map	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Nil	PM	Optimize	Cholec80	Img	Bin
	Hossain et al. (2020)	2020	CLS	Resnet50	Grad-CAM	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Nil	PM	Training	COVID-19	IMG	Bin
	Monroe et al. (2021)	2021	CLS	ResNet50	Grad-CAM, HihO, RISE	FA, VB	Post-hoc	Specific	Local,Global	Nil	PM	Evaluation	PPMI (Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative)	IMG	Cat
	Dave et al. (2020)	2020	CLS	XGBoost	LIME, SHAP, Anchors, Prototype, Contrastive, IG	FA, EB, SXAI, RB, CB, VB	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Nil	PM	Deploy	Heart Disease Dataset UCI Repo	Num	Num
	Vasquez-Morales et al. (2019)	2022	CLS	NN	CBR	EB, CB	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Nil	PM	Training	Database of the Colombian Ministry of Health and Social Protection	Num	Num
	Weitz et al. (2019)	2019	CLS	CNN	LRP, LIME	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Nil	PM	Training	UNBC-McMaster shoulder pain expression archive, Actorstudy dataset	IMG	IMG
Industry 4.0	Oyekanlu et al. (2018)	2018	CLS	LSTM	Real-Time Adaptive Wavelet Graphs	FA	Post-hoc	Specific	Local	Accuracy	PM	Training	IIoT Network Edge Dataset	Num	Num
	Rehsa et al. (2019)	2019	CLS	LSTM-RNN	Saliency Map	FA, VB	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Recall, Stability	AS	Training	DFKI-Smart Lego Factory	Num	Num
	Terziyan and Vitko (2022)	2022	CLS	NN, decision Tree	Rule List	RB	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Nil	DS	Training	Smart Manufacturing Dataset	Num	Bin
	Sun et al. (2020)	2020	ANOM	Random Forest	SHAP	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Accuracy, Precision	DS	Feature	Simulated Manufacturing Dataset	Num	Cat
	Liu et al. (2021)	2021	CLS	Gradient Boosting	LIME	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	F1-Score, Stability	PM	Deploy	IoT Sensor Data	Num	Num
	Radanliev et al. (2022)	2022	ANOM	Transformer	Attention Mechanisms	SE-AI	Intrinsic	Specific	Global	Usability Metrics	AS	Training	Simulated Digital Twin Data	Num	Cat
Aviation	Wang et al. (2021)	2022	CLS	Temporal Fusion Transformer (TFT)	Not specified	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Not specified	PM	Training	Flight Data Analysis	Num, IMG	Cat
	Saraf et al. (2020)	2021	CLS	DNN	Not specified	Not specified	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Global	Not specified	Not specified	Develop	Flight Safety Monitoring	Num	Cat
	Sutthithatip et al. (2021)	2021	DS	NN	SHAP, LIME	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local/Global	Accuracy, Stability	DS, BS, RM	Develop	Simulated Aircraft Operations Data	Num	Cat
Education	Xie et al. (2021)	2020	CLS	Random Forest	SHAP	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Accuracy, Stability	PM, BS, DS, ES	Training	Open University Learning Analytics Dataset	Num	Cat
	Fiok et al. (2022)	2021	RECM	NN	LIME	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Precision, Recall	PR, ES	Training	KDD Cup 2010 Dataset	Num	Cat
	Ghosh et al. (2024)	2022	Predict	Gradient Boosting Trees	SHAP	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	F1-Score	DS, ES	Training	EdNet Dataset	Num	Cat
	Ribeiro et al. (2019)	2020	REG	Logistic Regression	LIME	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Recall, Precision	SE	Evaluation	Classroom Engagement Dataset	Num	Num
	Li et al. (2021)	2021	CLS	Decision Tree	SHAP, Counterfactual Explanations	FA, EB	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	ROC-AUC	DS	Training	MOOC Dataset	Num	Cat
	Zheng et al. (2024)	2022	RECM	Neural Collaborative Filtering	Attention Mechanism	SE-AI	Intrinsic	Specific	Local	Stability, F1-Score	PM, BS, PR	Training	EdRecSys Dataset	Num	Cat
	Tiukhova et al. (2024)	2023	CLS	BiLSTM	LIME, SHAP	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local/Global	Spearman Rank Correlation, Jaccard Similarity	ES, PM, BS	Evaluation	MOOCs and Flipped Classrooms Dataset (EPFL)	Num	Cat
CyberSecurity	Qureshi et al. (2024)	2024	CLS	LightGBM, Decision Trees, Logistic Regression, Neural Networks	N/A	N/A	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local/Global	Not specified	TD	Evaluation	BoTNeTIoT-L01 Dataset	Num	Cat
	Madhu et al. (2023)	2023	CLS	Random Forest, TabNet, CNN, SVM, KNN, GNB, Decision Tree	Not specified	Not specified	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local/Global	Not specified	TD	Evaluation	Smart Home IoT Dataset, NSL-KDD Dataset	Num, Cat	Cat
	Liu et al. (2024)	2021	ANOM	DNN	Voronoi diagrams	Not specified	Post-hoc	Not specified	Local	Not specified	PM, BS, DS	Evaluation	Real-time and simulation data	Num	Num
	Sarhan et al. (2022)	2021	CLS	Various classifiers	SHAP	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local/Global	Not specified	RM, PM	Evaluation	IoT security datasets	Num	Num
	Le et al. (2023)	2020	CLS	DT, Random Forest	SHAP	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Not specified	PM, DS, RM	Evaluation	IoT security system datasets	Num	Num
	Rahal et al. (2024)	2021	CLS	kNN, SVM, MLP, tree-based	LIME, PFI	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Not specified	CS	Evaluation	IoT botnet attack datasets	Num, Cat	Num
	Tabassum et al. (2020)	2020	ANOM	One-Class Classification Algorithms	Majority Voting	RB	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Detection Rate	PM, BS	Develop	IoT and Normal Traffic	Num	Num
Social Media	Diwali et al. (2024)	2023	NLP	Random Forest	SHAP	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Accuracy, Precision	SP, PM	Training	Twitter Sentiment Analysis Dataset	Txt	Num
	Ghosh et al. (2023)	2024	CLS	Gradient Boosting Trees	LIME, SHAP	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local/Global	F1-Score	PM, BS, DS	Evaluation	FakeNewsNet Dataset	Txt	Num
	Ribeiro et al. (2016)	2022	CLS	Neural Networks	Attention Mechanisms	SE-AI	Intrinsic	Specific	Local/Global	Recall, Stability	PM, BS, DS	Training	Instagram Influencer Dataset	Txt	Cat
	Ibrahimov et al. (2023)	2024	RECM	Collaborative Filtering	Grad-CAM, SHAP	FA	Post-hoc	Specific	Local/Global	Usability Metrics	RE, ED	Deploy	YouTube Recommendation Dataset	Txt	Num
Genetics	Koo et al. (2018)	2018	CLF	NN	Saliency Maps	FA, VB	Post-hoc	Specific	Local	F1-Score	SD, HDT, DS	Evaluation	DeepBind Dataset	Seq	Num
	Chakarborty et al. (2024)	2021	CLS	Random Forest	SHAP	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local/Global	Stability, F1-Score	HDT, DS, RM	Training	dbSNP Dataset	Num	Cat
	Meithi et al. (2021)	2022	CLS	Transformer	Attention Mechanisms	SE-AI	Intrinsic	Specific	Local	Precision, Recall	DS, CR, SD	Deployment	1000 Genomes Dataset	Num	Seq
	Novielli et al. (2024)	2024	CLS	Random Forest	SHAP	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Accuracy, Stability	PM, BS	Training	Beijing PM2.5 Dataset	Num	Num
Environment	Trofimov et al. (2024)	2021	CLS	Gradient Boosting Trees	LIME	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Precision, Recall	PM, RM, DS	Evaluation	USGS Flood Monitoring Dataset	Num	Num
	Singh et al. (2024)	2022	CLS	Neural Networks	Attention Mechanisms	FA	Post-hoc	Specific	Global	Stability, Accuracy	PM, DS, BS	Monitoring	Climate Impact Dataset (CIMP5)	Num	Cat
	Gholami et al. (2024)	2023	CLS	Decision Trees	SHAP	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	F1-Score	PM, BS, DS	Training	Water Quality Monitoring Dataset (EPA)	Num	Num
	Gao et al. (2022)	2021	REG	CNN	Grad-CAM	FA	Post-hoc	Specific	Local	Detection Rate	BS, DS	Evaluation	Solar Irradiance Dataset	Num	Img
	Huang et al. (2023)	2022	Analysis	Random Forest	SHAP	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local/Global	Usability Metrics	EM	Deployment	Deforestation Satellite Imagery Dataset	Img	Cat
	Abdollahi and Pradhan (2023)	2023	CLS	Random Forest	SHAP	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local/Global	Usability Metrics	PM, BS, DS	Deploy	Satellite Imagery Dataset	Img	Cat
Miscellaneous	Shashaani et al. (2024)	2024	Strategy Prediction	RL	SHAP	FA	Post-hoc	Specific	Local/Global	Precision, Accuracy	PR, PM	Training	StarCraft II Dataset	Num	Num
	Fulton et al. (2020)	2020	CLS	RL	SHAP, LIME	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Stability	PM, BS	Training	Chess Gameplay Dataset	Num	Num
	Tao et al. (2020)	2020	CLS	Neural Networks	Grad-CAM	FA	Post-hoc	Specific	Local	Precision, Usability	PM, BS	Training	Dota 2 Gameplay Dataset	Num	Num
	Arora et al. (2023)	2020	CLS	CNN	Grad-CAM	FA	Post-hoc	Specific	Local	Recall, Precision	PM, BS	Training	WikiArt Dataset	Img	Cat
	Bryan-kinns et al. (2023)	2022	Generate	Generative Adversarial Networks	Attention Mechanisms	SE-AI	Intrinsic	Specific	Global	Stability	GA	Evaluation	Generated Art Dataset	Img	Cat
	Bryan-Kinns et al. (2023)	2022	RECM	LSTM	SHAP, LIME	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	F1-Score	PM, BS	Evaluation	GTZAN Music Dataset	Num	Cat
	Ruiz et al. (2022)	2021	RECS	Collaborative Filtering	Attention Mechanisms	FA	Post-hoc	Specific	Global	Usability Metrics	RM, BS	Deployment	MovieLens Dataset	Num	Cat
	Wood et al. (2024)	2020	ANOM	Random Forest	SHAP	FA	Post-hoc	Agnostic	Local	Accuracy, Stability	PM, BS, DS	Evaluation	Military Surveillance Data	Num	Num

Legend

Abbreviations:

Task Types:

• CLF/CLS - Classification
• REG - Regression
• ANOM - Anomaly Detection
• RECM - Recommendation
• NLP - Natural Language Processing

XAI Categories:

• FA - Feature Attribution
• EB - Example-Based
• RB - Rule-Based
• VB - Visualization-Based
• CB - Concept-Based